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.S.military efforts duringWorld War II.He raised the U.S.Army personnel from 200,000 tomore than 8.5 million, the largest army in U.S.history.Marshall wasa formidable administrator, with a strong work ethic and a formal,unbending personality.Prime Minister Winston Churchill of GreatBritain called him  the true organizer of victory. President Frank-MASTER LEND-LEASE AGREEMENTS " 227lin D.Roosevelt considered him for the command of OperationOverlord but decided he could not do without him in Washington,D.C.Marshall participated in all the major wartime internationalconferences.He was promoted to general of the army in December1944.In December 1945, he went on a diplomatic mission to Chinato try to end the civil war.Marshall, secretary of state from 16 January 1947 to 7 January1949, was most famous for his initiative that led to the Marshall Planof economic aid to Western Europe.He was also instrumental in thecreation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the organi-zation of the Berlin airlift.He later served as secretary of defense(1950 51).He received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1951 for thecreation of the Marshall Plan.MASTER LEND-LEASE AGREEMENTS (1942).After the UnitedStates entered World War II, agreements were reached for the effec-tive pooling of resources between the Allies.On 23 February 1942,the Master Mutual Lend-Lease Agreement was signed by the UnitedStates, Great Britain, Australia, and New Zealand.Subsequently,master agreements were concluded with 11 other Allied nations.Under the agreements, the United States was the main supplier ofmaterials, though it was also a recipient, notably of raw materials,bases, and services, under  reverse lend-lease. As a result of con-cern about the war debts problems that followed World War I, theagreements provided that the arrangements  shall be such as not toburden commerce between the two countries but to promote mutuallyadvantageous economic relations between them and the bettermentof worldwide economic matters.The agreements also noted that the signatories would  join withthe United States in working toward some of the economic conditionswhich are a prerequisite to a secure peace. Even at this stage of thewar, U.S.policy makers were seeking to gain commitments from theirAllies with regard to the establishment of the American concept of aliberal world economic order.In return for the materials it needed,Britain was in effect required to endorse a global open door policyconstituting a multilateral world economic order, with its system ofimperial trade preferences opened up.Moreover the Master Lend-Lease Agreement imposed strict limits on the accumulation in London228 " MATTHEWS, HARRISON FREEMANof foreign exchange and gold.This would seriously affect Britain sprospects for postwar economic recovery, which depended on importsof raw materials and food, let alone its ability to be a genuine traderival of the United States.The stringency of this was lessened some-what in arrangements made at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conferencethat allowed for some trade restrictions should a crisis develop in theBritish economy.The master agreement with the Union of Soviet Socialist Repub-lics (USSR) was signed on 11 June 1942, supplementing the arrange-ments entered into in the supply protocol agreed by Averell Harri-man at the 1941 Moscow Conference.In return for U.S.supplies,the Soviet Union agreed that articles or information would not betransferred to another state without agreement of the U.S.president.The agreement was to continue until a date agreed on by the parties,with unconsumed materials to be returned after the war, if desired bythe supplier.The termination of Lend-Lease shipments immediatelyafter the war with Japan ended was to be a discordant end to a suc-cessful agreement.See also CROWLEY, LEO T.MATTHEWS, HARRISON FREEMAN (1899 1986).A graduateof Princeton University and the École Libre des Sciences Politiquesin Paris, Freeman Matthews entered the Foreign Service in 1924and served in Hungary (1924 26) and Colombia (1926 29).He wasassistant chief of the State Department Division of Latin AmericanAffairs during the transformation of U.S.policy to Latin Americafollowing the Clark Memorandum, and he was first secretary inthe embassy in Cuba (1933 37), first secretary in the embassy inFrance (1937 1941), and temporarily ambassador to Spain (1939).During World War II, he was counselor in the embassy in London(1941 43), then chief of the State Department Division of EuropeanAffairs (1943 44).It was renamed Office of European Affairs in1944, with Matthews as director (1944 47).In 1945, he acted asState Department representative on the Combined Civil AffairsCommission of the Combined Chiefs of Staff.After the war,Matthews was ambassador to Sweden (1947 50), the Netherlands(1953 57), and Austria (1957 62), and deputy undersecretary ofstate (1950 53).MCCORMICK, ANNE O HARE " 229MCCLOY, JOHN J.(1895 1989).Lawyer and diplomat John Mc-Cloy had an interest in international finance [ Pobierz caÅ‚ość w formacie PDF ]