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.But other research suggests the circuits are stronglyinfluenced, perhaps even created, by psychological and social factors.Furthermore,both biological interventions, such as drugs, and psychological interventions orexperience seem capable of altering the circuits.Therefore, we cannot consider thenature and cause of psychological disorders without examining both biological andpsychological factors.We now turn to an examination of psychological factors.Concept Check 2.3Check your understanding of the brain structures and neurotransmitters.Match eachwith its description below: (a) frontal lobe, (b) brain stem, (c) GABA, (d) midbrain,(e) serotonin, (f) dopa-mine, (g) norepinephrine, and (h) cerebral cortex.1.Movement, breathing, and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain,which is present in most animals._______2.Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptor sites, inhibiting postsynapticactivity and reducing overall arousal? _______3.Which neurotransmitter is a switch that turns on various brain circuits? _______4.Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in your emergency reactions oralarm responses? _______Durand 2-475.This area contains part of the reticular activating system and coordinatesmovement with sensory output._______6.Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information,as well as to moderate or inhibit our behavior? _______7.More than 80% of the neurons in the human central nervous system are containedin this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities._______8.This area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking, and reasoningcapabilities and makes us social animals._______Behavioral and Cognitive ScienceCompare and contrast the behavioral and cognitive theories and how they areused to explain the origins of mental illness.Explain the nature and role of emotions in psychopathology.Enormous progress has been made in understanding behavioral and cognitiveinfluences in psychopathology.Some new information has come from the rapidlygrowing field of cognitive science, which is concerned with how we acquire andprocess information and how we store and ultimately retrieve it (one of the processesinvolved in memory).Scientists have also discovered that a great deal goes on insideour heads of which we are not necessarily aware.Because, technically, thesecognitive processes are unconscious, some findings recall the unconscious mentalprocesses that are so much a part of Freud s theory of psychoanalysis (although theydo not look much like the ones he envisioned).A brief account of current thinking onwhat is happening during the process of classical conditioning will start us on ourway.Durand 2-48Conditioning and Cognitive ProcessesDuring the 1960s and 1970s, behavioral scientists in animal laboratories began touncover the complexity of the basic processes of classical conditioning (Bouton,Mineka, & Barlow, 2001; Mineka & Zinbarg, 1996, 1998).Robert Rescorla (1988)concluded that simply pairing two events closely in time (such as the meat powderand the metronome in Pavlov s laboratories) is not what s important in this type oflearning; at the very least, it is a simple summary.Rather, a variety of differentjudgments and cognitive processes combine to determine the final outcome of thislearning, even in lower animals such as rats.To take just one simple example, Pavlov would have predicted that if the meatpowder and the metronome were paired, say, 50 times, then a certain amount oflearning would take place [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]