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.36 Op.cit., p.83.37 Op.cit., p.291.38 For fuller discussion of sympathy see Chapters IV and VI.39 Professor Stout s  Groundwork of Psychology, chap.xvi.40 See Chapter IV.41 In so far, of course, as the impulse is not completely thwarted.42 See Supplementary Chapter II at the end of this volume, which con-tains a fuller discussion of the sex instinct.An Introduction to Social Psychology/30943  Inquiries into Human Faculty, p.72.44  Principles of Psychology.45 Cf.p.302.46  Les Lois de l Imitation. Paris, 1904.47  Mental Development, and  Social and Ethical Interpretations.48 Op.cit., ii., p.410.49 This truth has been clearly expressed by Herbert Spencer ( Prin-ciples of Psychology, vol.ii., p.563), and Bain recognised it, al-though, as we have seen, he failed to hold it consistently.50 Shortly after writing these lines I was holding a child in my arms,looking out of window on a dark night.There came a blinding flashof lightning and, after some seconds, a crash of thunder.The childwas pleased by the lightning, but at the first crack of thunder shescreamed in terror; immediately upon hearing the scream, I experi-enced, during a fraction of a second, a pang of fear that could nothave been more horrible had I been threatened with all the terrors ofhell.I am not at all disturbed by thunder when alone.This incidentillustrates very well two points first the sympathetic induction ofemotion by immediate instinctive reaction to the expression of emo-tion by another; secondly, the specific character of loud noises asexcitants of fear.Regarded as merely a sensory stimulus, the flash oflighting was far more violent than the thunder; yet it provoked nofear in the child.51 This is very noticeable in the case of vomiting.A tender mother willsometimes turn away from a vomiting child with an irresistible im-pulse of repulsion.52  Principles of Psychology, vol.ii., p.408.53  Mental Development, Methods and Processes, 3rd ed p.281.NewYork, 1906.54 An excellent account of this peculiar affliction may be found in Mr.Hugh Clifford s  Studies in Brown Humanity, as also in Sir F.A.Swettenham s  Malay Sketches.55  Die Seele des Kindes, 5te Auflage, Leipzig, 1900, S.180.56  The Play of Animals and  The Play of Man.57  Mind, N.S., vol.xv, p.468.58 While living among the hybrid Papuan-Melanesian people of a smallgroup of islands in the Torres Straits, I was much struck by the markedweakness of the impulse of rivalry among them.Though adults andchildren spent a large proportion of their time in playing, the spirit of310/William McDougallrivalry was displayed but feebly in a few of the games and hardly atall in most of their playing.I failed completely to get the boys to takeup various English games, and the failure seemed due to the lack ofthe impulse of rivalry.The same defect or peculiarity seemed to beresponsible for the fact that the people were so content with theirequality in poverty that, although opportunities for earning high wagesin adjacent islands were abundant, few could be induced to availthemselves of them, or to work for more than a few months, if theydid so.These people are unwarlike, and the men and boys never fightwith one another a striking fact, which certainly is not to be ex-plained by excellence of the social system or refinement of manners;for but a generation ago these people were notorious for having de-voured the crews of several vessels wrecked upon the islands.59  Character and the Emotions, Mind, N.S., vol.v., and  M.Ribot sTheory of the Passions, Mind, N.S., vol.xvi.60 I would remind the reader that  wonder is here used in a sense alittle different from the usual one.61 One is tempted to ask, Was it because the external aspect of theGothic cathedral is apt to fall short of exciting the fear which is es-sential to reverence, that in so many cases the artists of the MiddleAges covered the exterior with grotesque and horrible figures, likethose of Notre Dame of Paris?62 This we may perhaps identify with the instinct of acquisition men-tioned in Chapter III.63 Tolstoy s  Kreutzer Sonata is a study of jealousy of this type aris-ing within a sentiment which was certainly not love, but was a strangeblend of hate with an extended self-regarding sentiment.It is, I think,obvious that jealousy could not arise within a sentiment of hate, pureand simple.64  Die Entwickelung der Strafe.65 An excellent account is given by Mr.Hugh Clifford in a story called The Amok of D�ta K�ya.66  Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Chapter II.67 Ibid., p.22.68  Criminal Responsibility, Oxford, 1905.69 In a recent treatise on ethics, which makes a considerable show ofpsychological precision, they are described on one page successivelyas emotions, sentiments, feelings, and judgments.70  Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development, chap,An Introduction to Social Psychology/311vi., London, 1902.71 Even in so recent and excellent a treatise as Dr.Rashdall s  Theoryof Good and Evil this identification of pleasure with happiness isfrequently repeated, verbally at least.72 Cp.p.151.73 In a recent article criticising M.Ribot s book  Les Passions ( Mind,vol.xvi., p.502) Mr.Shand has suggested that the sentiment of loveis innately organised.I cannot see any sufficient grounds for accept-ing this suggestion, and I believe that any such assumption will raisemore difficulties than it solves.In previous chapters I have suggestedthat certain of the instincts may have peculiarly intimate innate rela-tions, that, e.g [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]