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.1225 to 124536, and to those for Hampton/Tolworth from c.1240 to 1258.37 It is during these periods that two-thirds of the references to scribes appear among the charters from the Hospitaller cartularies.Only twice, among all the charters both Hospitaller and non-Hospitaller, is any person involved in its preparation cited in a document in which the place of issue is specifi ed:1.Iohanne clerico qui hanc cartam composuit et aliis; datum apud Hampton in die Sancti Michaelis anno ab incarnacione Domini millesimo cc lvii et anno regni Regis Henrici fi lii Iohannis xlii (1257/8).382.Stephano de Esseleia qui hoc scripsit et aliis; datum London’ anno domini millesimo ducentesimo nonodecimo ….(1219).39Were the scribes of a lesser level of legal competence than the notaries who, from the mid-thirteenth century, appear increasingly in the role of those who wrote, 29 Nero E VI, fo.172 r; Nero E VI fo.172 v; Nero E VI, fos.172 v-173 r.30 SC nos.250, 480.The Hospitallers held Chapter meetings at Melchbourne from at least the mid-thirteenth century, probably twice yearly at Michaelmas and Easter ( PC no.204and p.lxxii).31 SC nos.41, 136, 140, 144–45, 187, 551, 642.32 SC no.819.33 SC no.638.34 SC nos.37, 49, 149.35 SC no.27.36 Peter of Halstead, chaplain ( SC no.541), Reginald, clerk ( SC no.698), Robert of Stisted ( SC no.734), William de Rendfr’ ( SC no.707) and William of Selston ( SC no.155).37 John, clerk (Nero E VI, fo.170 r, 172 v), Peter of Codham, chaplain (Nero E VI, fo.171 r), Thomas, clerk (Nero E VI, fo.179 v), Walter, clerk (Nero E VI, fo.180 r), William, chaplain (Nero E VI, fo.173 v-174 r).38 Nero E VI, fo.172 v.39 Nero E VI, fo.84 v.Michael Gervers and Nicole Hamonic185Graph 1 QSUM and EMCL results for William son of Derkinmade or composed charters? As we have seen, the association of the scribe with the preparation of the charter is replaced by that of the notary after 1272.Scribes are sometimes, but by no means always, clerks or chaplains.Notaries are always identifi ed as ecclesiastics, indicating in general a higher degree of learning and preparation.One would imagine that notaries had more responsibility than scribes for drawing up conveyances, although a reference in a non-Hospitaller charter from Oxford in 1258 to the notary Thomas de Sancto Germano “fi deliter transcripsi nichil addens” indicates that he was, in this case at least, no more than a copyist.40The trail is diffi cult to follow, but the application of computational stylometry techniques to Hospitaller charters produces additional evidence of scribal identity.41 A combination of two independent authorship attribution techniques, Cumulative Sum (QSUM) and Entropy for Markov Chains of Letters (EMCL), was applied to groups of Hospitaller documents bearing references to the same scribes.As an example, the congruence of QSUM (85%) and EMCL (91%) for William son of Derkin (Fig.1), who c.1255 is the scribe of a Hospitaller charter concerning Bumpstead Helion (Essex) and the last witness of another (Appendix: 1 and 2)42, is a strong indicator of common authorship.4340 Oseney, v.5, no.625a.41 The main assumption of stylometric studies is that authors have an unconscious as well as a conscious aspect to their style.Measuring and counting stylistic traits captures variations which are specifi c to a given author’s style.See D.V.Khmelev, “Disputed Authorship Resolution through Using Relative Empirical Entropy for Markov Chains of Letters”, Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, 7/3(2000), pp.201–207; Jill M.Farringdon, with contributions by A.Q.Morton, M.G.Farringdon, and M.D.Baker, Analyzing for Authorship: A Guide to the Cusum Technique, Cardiff, 1996.42 SC nos.462 and 512.43 The scribal attribution programme for medieval Latin charters uses lexically based techniques paired with statistical analyses to identify the "richness" and "diversity" of a186The Hospitallers, the Mediterranean and EuropeSimilar results (EMCL: 67% and QSUM: 63%) occur c.1230–40 for Robert of Stisted, the scribe of SC no.734 and the last witness in SC no.787.44 Stephen de Esseleia, mentioned above as a scribe working for the bishop of London, occurs once among the Hospitaller cartularies as the scribe,45 and three times in other sources among the witnesses, but never as the fi nal witness.Authorship can nevertheless be attributed to him in three of the four cases.46 The numbers for John the clerk, who was the “scriptor” of Nero E VI, fo.170r and who “composuit” Nero E VI, fo.172v c.1255–60, are less indicative of common authorship, with an EMCL of 97% and a QSUM of 66%.Unfortunately, we have no two documents bearing the name of the same notary available for comparison.For the most part, however, the foregoing examples provide strong indication that scribe and composer were one and the same, and that the scribe was not merely a copyist.This short inquiry into the scribes who worked for the Hospitallers in England leads to the conclusion that although few, if any, were members of the Order, they had composed what they copied.None of the documents issued by the Order itself include references to scribes or notaries, yet those charters are more likely to have issued from the Hospitallers’ own scriptorium, wherever that might have been.Individuals who made grants to the Order, or conveyed property in some way connected to it, would seem to have used the services of local scribes working independently [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]